; 동사를 명사로 표현하기 위함이다.
; 명사이므로 당연히 주어, 보어 그리고 목적어의 역할을 한다
COLLECTING foreign coins is his favorite pastime.( 주어 )
Her problem is SMOKING too much.( 보어 )
Paul Harvey used to enjoy CLIMBING every weekend.( 동사의 목적어 )
Thank you for INVITING us for your fantastic showtime.( 전치사의 목적어 )
; 몇 동사는 목적어로 동명사만을 좋아한다
; 동명사는 주로 어느 동작의 “ 관습적 일반성 ”, 즉 현재형을 표현한다.
admit avoid consider deny enjoy escape excuse finish give up mind
miss permit postpone practice put off quit resist stop
He condiders MOVING to another city.
Don't give up EXERCISING to lose your weight.
<<잔소리>> --------------------------------------------------
다른 동사들은 투부정사만을 목적어로 좋아한다.
투부정사는 특정 행위의 “ 미래적 의미 ”를 지닌다.
afford care choose decide determine hope intend manage mean plan
pretend promise refuse wish
I don't care TO GET involved in the matter.
He refused TO ACCEPT the offer.
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; 동명사의 유형들
1.
표준형 - `동사 + ~ing '
He considers STEPPING down as president.
2.
수동형 - `being + p.p.'
The little boy didn't mind BEING LAUGHED at.
3.
완료형 - `having +p.p.'
기준 동사 보다 한 시제 먼저 일어남을 의미한다.
She regrets HAVING DUMPED him.
4.
완료수동형 - `having been p.p'
He is proud of his son's HAVING BEEN SELECTED as chairman of the
committee three times in a row.
<<잔소리>> ----------------------------------------------------
Q. 동명사, 분사, 투부정사 그리고 조동사의 공통점은?
A. 과거형 표현.
이들은 단어의 순수한 형태로는 과거형 표현이 불가능하므로,
완료형을 통해 기준 시제보다 한 단계 앞섬을 나타내 준다
He regrets HAVING QUIT the business school.
HAVING RESTED quite a while,, he took to the field again.
He seems to HAVE ESCAPED the punishment.
She MUST HAVE BEEN a great beauty in her youth..
-------------------------------------------------------------
; 동명사 주어는 3인칭 단수 취급한다
SEEING the baby born IS something I shall never forget.
CLEANING teeth regularly REQUIRES lots of effort.
; 동명사 중 의미를 조심해야 할 것들 (관용적 표현들) -
1.
There is no (way of) ~ing
= It is impossible to + v ~ ;
There is NO WAY PREDICTING what the future will be.
2.
It[There] is no use ( of ) ~ing
= It is of no use to + v ;
It is NO USE CRYING over spilt milk.
3.
cannot help ~ing
= cannot but + v ;
I COULDN'T HELP LAUGHING at the funny scene.
4.
on ~ing
= as soon as + s + v
She burst int tears ON HEARING the news.
5.
It goes without saying that ~ .
= It is needless to say that ~.
= It is no doubt that ~
It goes without SAYING that health is more important than wealth.
6.
need/ require ~ing
= need to be + pp
This pencil NEEDS SHARPENING.
7.
feel like ~ing
I suddenly FELT LIKE taking a walk.
8.
make a point of ~ing
= make it a rule to + v ;
She makes a point of GETTING up early in the morn.
9.
worth ( of ) ~ing
= worthwhile to + v
Prague is really WORTH VISITING once in your life.
10.
come near ~ing
=almost
A child came NEAR BEING RUN over by a car.
11.
far from ~ing
= never ~
The statement is far FROM BEING true.
12.
What do you say to ~ing?
= Let's ~ , (shall we?)
What do you say to GOING to a movie tonight?
13.
look forward to ~ing
= have a great expectation to + v
Tom looks forward TO RECEIVING many gifts on his birthday.
14.
insist on ~ing
He insisted on HAVING broken into the house alone.
15.
stop ~ing
He stopped SMOKING at the request of a lover.
(=quitted smoking)
cf. He stopped TO ASK a direction of a passerby.
(= stopped and asked)
<<잔소리>> -----------------------------------------------
동명사, 투부정사 그리고 분사에 대한 통합적 고찰 -
1. 배경
; 동명사/투부정사/분사는 동사' 라는 한 어미에서 나온 삼형제이다.
; 영어의 규칙상 한 문장 내에선 동사를 “두 번 이상'' 쓸 수 없다.
I like DRINK a cup of coffee before breakfast.( x )
따라서, 접속사 없이 또 동사를 쓰고 싶다면,
그 의도하는 동사에 변형을 줘야한다;
I like TO drink a cup of coffee after every meal.
I like drinkING a cup of coffee atter every meal.
그러나 분명 각자의 역할이 있다.
동명사가 하는 역할은 (명사)에 제한되어 있고,
분사는 명사의 앞/뒤에서 그 주인을 (형용사적)으로 보필하는 반면,
투부정사는 명사/ 형용사/ 부사의 광범위한 역할을 한다
Drinking and smoking IS a great hazard to your health.
( 주어 < 명사 )
His hobby may be COLLECTING pictures.
( 보어 < 명사 )
I seriously consider MOVING to New York.
( 목적어 < 명사 )
Listen to a bird ( which is ) SINGING from a distance.
( 분사 - 서술적 )
A ROLLING stone gathers no moss.
( 분사 - 한정적 )
TO KNOW is one thing, to teach another.
( 주어 < 명사 )
Her aim is TO BECOME a Nobel laureate in literature.
( 보어 < 명사 )
I don't want TO BE a member of the family.
( 목적어 < 명사 )
She is the last woman to DESERT her baby.
( 형용사 - 한정적 )
He is TO LEAVE here tomorrow.
( 형용사 - 서술적 )
Tom Hagen was very glad TO BE a lawyer for Michael Coleone.
( 이유 < 부사 - glad 의 원인 제공 )
The poor boy grew TO BE President of the United States.
( 결과 < 부사 - grew 의 결과 제공 )
2.
역할의 차이점;
- 동명사는 일반적으로 과거나 현재의 관습화된 행동,
- 현재분사는 진행형 능동,
- 과거분사는 수동,
- 그리고 투부정사는 미래적인 의미를 담고있다
He enjoys SWIMMING in the pool.
( 평소에 습관적으로 swimming 을 즐김 )
I saw him SWIMMING in the pool.
( saw 의 시제와 swimming 의 동작이 일치함. him 이 swimming 의 주체 임 )
For me, WRITTEN English is more difficult than SPOKEN English.
( 시제와는 큰 관계가 없지만, English 가 written 과 spoken 의 주체가 아님 )
I will try TO PERSUADE her to attend the party.
( try 와 persuade 의 시제에 차이가 남 )
3.
동명사/ 분사/ 투부정사 에서의 의미상 주어 -
영어에선 한 문장에 `주어+동사'의 골격이 한 번 갖춰지면,
접속사를 사용하지 않는 이상, 주어를 더 이상 쓸 수 없다.
이 때 '의미상의 주어'를 활용해야 하는데,
동명사와 분사는 그 앞에 ‘소유격 이나 목적격’을 이용하고,
투부정사는 `for/ of + 목적격 ' 의 틀을 이용한다
He objected to HIS DAUGHTER'S marrying a minister.
Mom didn't like ME ATTENDING the Presbyterian church.
It is very important FOR YOU to plan your future.
It was very kind OF HIM to help the poor lady.
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